COMMON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASES

1. Read the associated links under Digestive System Resources. Please read the more comprehensive descriptions from the links. (You may use your other resources if desired.)

2. Read the brief descriptions. 

3. Take the Quick Quiz.

Make sure that you know the following terms: (You do not need to submit this worksheet.)

Terms:
Constipation
Fluid intake
Stool Softener
Laxative
Diarrhea
Loose bowel movements
Cramps
Parasites
Viruses
Food poisoning
Dairy products
Acid Reflux (GERD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Heartburn
Reflux esophagitis
Gastric ulcer
Hemorrhoids
Sclerotherapy
Banding

1. Constipation

Запор

Russian Link.

Stool Chart - Russian

http://lecenie.ru/uploads/posts/2013-05/1369732831_vidy-zapora.jpg

http://www.ibsgroup.org/images/AdultBristolStool.jpg

 

A laxative may be needed.

Слабительные средства

 

 

2. Diarrhea

Patient Information:

Диарея
При диарее наблюдается частый или жидкий стул. Чаще всего
диарея длится 2-3 дня. Если она продолжается дольше, это
может быть признаком других проблем. Если за 3 дня диарея не
прошла или усилилась, обратитесь к своему лечащему врачу. Если
диарея длится дольше 1 дня у младенцев и детей, в таком случае
необходимо обратиться к врачу.

Причины
• Инфекции, такие как вирус
• Нервозность и стресс
• Некоторые лекарства, такие как антибиотики или химиотерапия
• Побочные эффекты от некоторых видов лечения
• Кишечные заболевания
• Хирургические операции на кишечнике или облучение желудка

Diarrhea is having three or more loose bowel movements a day. It may or may not be accompanied by cramps.

Некоторые продукты могут вызвать или усилить диарею:
• Пища с высоким содержанием клетчатки
• Острая, жирная или жареная пища
• Слишком горячая или слишком холодная пища
• Молоко и молочные продукты
• Алкоголь
• Напитки или блюда с кофеином, такие как кофе, чай, кола, или
шоколад
• Пищевые добавки, такие как Ensure или Boost. Если Вы
используете добавки, и после этого диарея усиливается,
поговорите со своей медсестрой, диетологом или врачом.

It may be caused by bacteria or viruses.

 

3. Parasites

Parasites. (Worms) English      Parasites - Russian
Food Poisoning. Russian.
Food Poisoning Treatment. Russian.
It may be caused by dairy products.
Some medications can cause diarrhea.
A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host. There are three main classes of parasites that can cause disease in humans: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.

Protozoa are microscopic organisms. Transmission of protozoa that live in a human's intestine to another human typically occurs through a fecal-oral route (for example, contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact).

Example: Giardia

While the parasite can be spread in different ways, water (drinking water and recreational water) is the most common mode of transmission.

Helminths - Parasitic worms

Helminths are large, multicellular organisms that are generally visible to the naked eye in their adult stages.

Examples:

Flatworms (platyhelminths) – these include the trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms).

Roundworms (nematodes)

 

http://www.gastroscan.ru/handbook/390/8238?sphrase_id=165342

Life-cycle of Helminths

 

 

 

Source: CDC

Treatment:

Drink plenty of fluids to replace the loss of fluid in the stool.

Drink sports drinks or broth.

For infants, consult a healthcare provider if the stools are more watery than the usual stools.

In some cases, anti-diarrheal medication may be prescribed by a healthcare provider. For example, Lomotil or Imodium.

However, over-the-counter (non-prescription) anti-diarrheal  and anti-emetic medications should not be taken if the diarrhea is caused by infection or food poisoning. A healthcare provider should be consulted.

Intravenous fluid may be given if the person is hospitalized for dehydration.

 

 

3. Acid Reflux (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease or GERD)

Russian Link.

GERD Russian link 2.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) happens when a muscle at the end of the esophagus does not close properly. This allows stomach contents with acid to leak back, or reflux, into the esophagus and irritate it. The sensation of burning in the chest or throat is called heartburn.

 

http://images.medicinenet.com/images/illustrations/gastroesophageal_reflux.jpg

   

Treatment:

Over-the-counter medications to reduce the acid in the stomach. This acid is what causes the irritation in the esophagus. Examples: Tums, Pepto-bismol.

Antacid neutralizes stomach acidity.

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) decreases the amount of acid produced in the stomach, for example omeprazole (Prilosec).

In some cases,  untreated acid reflux can lead to complications, including ulcers in the esophagus, narrowing of the esophagus, or bleeding, therefore follow up care with a healthcare provider is important. Surgery may be indicated.

Reflux Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus. It may be caused by GERD, bacterial or viral infection, or ingestion of caustic substances.

Russian Link.

Alternate Link.

Gastric Ulcer: Ulcers are sores in the lining of the digestive tract.

Russian Link.

4. Hemorrhoids

Russian Link.

 

Hemo means blood. Rrho (rrhea) - flowing.

Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels in and around the anus and lower rectum. They can become painful, itchy, and irritated.

They can result from being overweight, constipation, or pregnancy.

 

http://www.gastroenterologistpaloalto.com/images/pic-hemorrhoids-anatomy.jpg

Treatment:

Hemorrhoid Treatment - Russian.

Hemorrhoid Procedures - Russian

Using hemorrhoidal creams and ointments. Increasing fluid and fiber in the diet.

Sitting in a warm tub of water, also called Sitz Bath. A Sitz bath, also called a hip bath, is a small tub where only the hips and buttocks are soaked in warm water.

 

Sitz

Bath

Information on using a Sitz Bath.

In some cases, surgery such as sclerotherapy or banding (using a latex rubber band) may be indicated.

Hemorrhoidectomy is surgical removal of hemorrhoids.

SOURCE: NIH

Source: http://www.proctolog.ru/images/haemorr/sclero_01.jpg

Banding with latex ring.

Source: http://www.proctolog.ru/

Colorectal Surgery: Proctology or coloproctology is a field in medicine, dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon. The field is also known as proctology, relating to the anus and rectum in particular.

Proctology/Coloproctology - Russian

 Page 2

Make sure that you know the translations of the following. You do not have to submit this worksheet.

 

Terms:
Diverticulitis
Diverticula
Small pouches in the colon
Colonoscopy
Cramping
Bleeding
Tears
Blockages
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Add fiber to your diet.
Stress Management
Celiac Disease
Gluten Sensitivity
Celiac Sprue
Hereditary immune disease
Itchy rash
Blisters

 

5. Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis

Russian Link.

Diverticula are small pouches that bulge outward through the colon or large intestine. 

Diverticulosis is the condition of having these pouches in the colon. This is usually diagnosed during colonoscopy.

Diverticulitis is when the pouches are inflamed and infected. 

http://www.thornhillendoscopy.com/images/diverticular-disease.jpg

http://ozhivote.ru/divertikulez-tolstoy-kishki/

The most common symptom is abdominal pain, usually on the left side. The patient may also have fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, cramping, and constipation. In serious cases, diverticulitis can lead to bleeding, tears, or blockages.

Treatment:

Antibiotics

Liquid diet

Pain medication.

In some cases, surgery may be indicated.

Source: NIH

6. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Russian Link

Irritable bowel syndrome mainly affects women between the ages of 30 years and 50 years. Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome may include the following:

• Cramps
• Gas
• Bloating
• Changes in bowel habits constipation, diarrhea, or both
• An urge to have a bowel movement that does not happen
• Stools that have mucus in them

IBS

Treatment:

Change in diet.

Frequent small meals.

Adding fiber to the diet.

Stress management.

Probiotics may be recommended.

Probiotics and IBS - Russian.

Source: NIH

7.  Celiac Disease (Gluten Sensitivity) - also called Celiac Sprue

NIH , Celiac.org (English)

Russian Link.

Celica disease is a hereditary immune disease in which people can’t eat gluten because it will damage their small intestine. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley.

• stomach pain
• gas
• diarrhea
• extreme tiredness
• change in mood
• weight loss
• a very itchy skin rash with blisters
• slowed growth in children

http://www.familyhealthonline.ca/fho/nutrition/_images/NU_celiac_im1.jpg

LINK

Treatment:

Gluten-free diet. English

Gluten-free diet and Celiac Disease - Russian.

PAGE 3

Make sure that you know the translations of the following. You do not have to submit this worksheet.

Terms:
Hepatitis
Poison
Viruses
Transmission
Drug or alcohol use
Fecal-oral route
Food-borne
Transfusion
Hemodialysis
Anal-oral contact
Household contact
Jaundice
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Spider angiomas
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Blood
Body fluids
Vaccines
Liver scarring
Cirrhosis
Chronic or long-lasting
Scar-tissue
Chronic liver failure (End-stage liver disease)
Bloating of the abdomen
Ascites
Edema
Varices
Eliminating Alcohol
Improving nutrition
Liver translplant
Hiatal hernia
Diaphragm
Heartburn
Bad breath
Lower esophageal sphincter

 

8. Hepatitis

Russian Link.

Hepatitis B Russian Link

The liver is the largest organ inside the body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons.

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.

Viruses cause most cases of hepatitis. The type of hepatitis is named for the virus that causes it; for example, hepatitis A, hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Drug or alcohol use can also cause hepatitis.

 

Transmission:

http://www.synergyhomecare.com/media/491138/photo-3.GIF

 

 

Symptoms of Hepatitis:

• yellowish eyes and skin called jaundice
• a swollen stomach or ankles
• tiredness
• nausea
• weakness
• loss of appetite
• weight loss
• spiderlike blood vessels, called spider angiomas, that develop on the skin

 

Hepatitis B - Russian

Prevention:

Hepatitis B Vaccine: HBV

 

 

Hepatitis B Treatment.

 

• Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. With hepatitis, the liver stops working well.
• Viruses cause most hepatitis. Viral hepatitis is the most common cause of liver disease in the world.
• At least five different viruses cause hepatitis in people. Hepatitis A and E are spread through contaminated food, water, and human waste. Hepatitis B, C, and D are spread through an infected person's blood or body fluids.
• Vaccines protect against hepatitis A and B. No vaccines are available for hepatitis C, D, and E.
• Hepatitis B, C, and D can cause long-lasting problems, including liver scarring (cirrhosis) and cancer.

 

 

http://www.montrealstdclinic.com/images/pic-hepatite-b.jpg

 

Cirrhosis

Russian Link

Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver slowly deteriorates and is unable to function normally due to chronic, or long lasting, injury. Scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and partially blocks the flow of blood through the liver.

As cirrhosis gets worse and scar tissue replaces more healthy tissue, the liver will begin to fail. Chronic liver failure, which is also called end-stage liver disease, progresses over months, years, or even decades. 

Signs of cirrhosis

• bloating of the abdomen from ascites—a buildup of fluid in the abdomen
• edema—swelling due to a buildup of fluid—in the feet, ankles, or legs
• spiderlike blood vessels, called spider angiomas, on the skin
• jaundice, a condition that causes the skin and whites of the eyes to turn yellow
• bleeding in the esophagus or stomach due to varices - enlarged blood vessels due to the increased pressure in the liver.

Treatment:

• Improving nutrition. Eliminating alcohol intake. Medications to relieve symptoms.
• Treatment for cirrhosis depends on the cause of the disease and whether complications are present.
• A health care provider may consider a liver transplant when cirrhosis leads to liver failure or treatment for complications is ineffective.

 

SOURCE: NIH

 

9. Hiatal Hernia

Russian Link.

A hiatal hernia is a condition in which the upper part of the stomach bulges through an opening in the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the muscle wall that separates the stomach from the chest. The diaphragm helps keep acid from coming up into the esophagus. This makes it easier for the acid from the stomach to come up the esophagus resulting in GERD.

http://www.dallasreflux.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/hiatal-hernia.jpg

Russian LINK

Symptoms may include:

Heartburn

Problems swallowing

A dry cough

Bad breath

Treatment may include:

Eating small meals

Not laying down or bending down after a meal

Reducing weight if overweight.

Not smoking

Medicine to control stomach acid.

Medicine to strengthen the lower esophagus muscle

In some cases, surgery may be indicated.

 

Click NEXT to take the quiz.

The first part of the quiz is audio recording.

You will be recording several sentences in both languages.

The second part is multiple choice.

 

RECORDING INSTRUCTIONS:

1. You may record using your phone by calling:

VoiceBox Dial-in Number: (641) 715-3900  Extension: 535845#.

Please state your name before recording:

2. OR:

You may use your computer recorder. Click on RECORD.

PAGE 4

Quiz

 

RECORDING INSTRUCTIONS:

1. You may record using your phone by calling:

VoiceBox Dial-in Number: (641) 715-3900  Extension: 535845#

Please state your name before recording.

OR:

2. OR: You may use the recorder below.

 

 

AUDIO RECORDING

1. Verbally translate this sentence;

The patient had a stool shaped like a sausage but with cracks on the surface.

Record your answer in English and Russian. 

 

AUDIO RECORDING

2. Verbally translate this sentence.

The patient had soft blobs of stool with clear-cut edges,  and they were passed easily.

Record your answer in English and Russian.

 

 

 

AUDIO RECORDING

3. Verbally translate the sentences.

a. Treatment of hemorrhoids may include a Sitz bath, also called a hip bath. A sitz bath is a small tub where only the hips or buttocks are soaked in warm water.

b. Hemorrhoids may be treated with hemorrhoidal creams and ointments and by increasing fluid and fiber in the diet.

 Record your answers in English and Russian.

AUDIO RECORDING

4. Verbally translate the sentences:

The most common symptom of diverticulitis is abdominal pain, usually on the left side.

The patient may also have fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, cramping, and constipation.

In serious cases, diverticulitis can lead to bleeding, tears, or blockages.

Record your answer in English and Russian.

AUDIO RECORDING

5. Verbally translate this sentence.

Symptoms of hepatitis include: 

yellowish eyes and skin, called jaundice
a swollen stomach or ankles
tiredness
nausea
weakness
loss of appetite and
weight loss.

 

Record your answer in English and Russian.

(This is the end of the recording section. If you are using the phone or recorder, you may hang up now and continue with the test.)

 

Click NEXT to continue.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose one answer.

Translate the listed terms below the questions. (Written translation.)

Thank you. This is the end of the quiz.